STAGES OF TEACHING

Teaching involves different activities. It implies a rationally designed process. It refers to a flow of acts, from the beginning to the end. To make teaching effective teacher has to do different actions or play specific roles during the process. It is observed very accurately that teaching activities can be divided into three different phases –        Pre-active stage of teaching        Interactive stage of teaching        Post-active stage of teaching PRE-ACTIVE STAGE OF TEACHING:  It is the preparatory or planning stage of teaching. According to P.W. Jackson, in this stage, the teacher “selects objective, plans the curricula, arranges the classroom, and studies pupils’ readiness”. This stage consists of the following operations or sub-stages: - Formulating instructional objectives: The teacher determines what should be the specific instructional objectives in terms of clearly defined terminal behavior. For formulating I.O. the teacher needs to consider the entry-level behavior of the learner, the time period, the needs of the society, and the school. Deciding the Subject Content: The teacher decides the amount of content to be imparted and the specific structures he/she will try to develop in the classroom. Arranging and sequencing the content for Presentation: The teacher tries to arrange and analyze the content matter for presentation in the class during teaching. Deciding the Strategy: The teacher makes a decision regarding a proper strategy he/she will employ in teaching. Teaching considers the nature of the content and entry-level behavior of the learner.   INTERACTIVE STAGE OF TEACHING:  This stage of teaching is concerned with the implementation and carrying out of what has been planned at the pre-active stage of teaching. The activities of the teacher are right from entering the classroom till the presentation if the content is included in this stage of teaching. According to P.W. Jackson, “The teacher provides the students verbal stimulation of various kinds, makes an explanation, asks questions, listens to the student’s response, and, provides guidance at the stage of teaching”. This is the execution stage. This stage includes the following activities: - Understanding the Class: The teacher’s first activity in this stage is concerned with the perception of classroom climate. He/she keeps an eye on the faces of the learners to locate which areas may be troublesome, and which faces may be discouraging, encouraging, or apathetic. In this way, the teacher tries to understand the whole climate of the classroom. Diagnosing the Learner: The teacher then tries to diagnose the student’s achievements in three levels: -  Activities  Interest in attitude Academic Backgrounds After diagnosing the student’s achievement level, the teacher starts the interaction session. Action and Reaction: It is the actual interaction between the teacher and the taught. The moment the teacher goes into the classroom, non-verbal interactions start between him/her and the student. With his/her speech, the verbal reactions start. With more questions put by the teacher to the students, the reactive process gains momentum. Then the students also put questions to the teacher, which makes teaching more learnable for the student. The action and reaction make the teaching go on and ultimately make it a success. POST-ACTIVE STAGE OF TEACHING:  This final stage is concerned with evaluating activities. The teacher evaluates the student’s performance on the basis of terminal behavior. The teacher also assesses the effectiveness of the teaching-learning process as occurred in the interactive stage. This stage consists of the following sub-stages: - Selecting appropriate testing devices: The teacher selects appropriate tools and techniques for measuring different dimensions of behavior as expressed in terminal behavior. The test may be written, oral or practical, etc. Testing the actual behavior: With the help of testing devices, the teacher evaluates the performance of the learner. Defining the Changes of Behavior: The teacher compares the expected and actual behavioral changes of the learner. Changing the Strategies of teaching: The results found in the previous sub-stage helped the teacher to understand the strength and weaknesses of the teaching-learning process. Accordingly, the teacher modifies the teaching strategy for better result

 

ROLE OF A TEACHER IN EFFECTIVE TEACHING

ROLE OF A TEACHER IN EFFECTIVE TEACHING        1. FACILITATOR – A teacher facilitates the students to find answers on their own. A teacher should show the path. This term is used by the NCF.         2. MANAGER/PROBLEM SOLVER: effective teaching is not possible without playing the role of an efficient manager. She needs to manage the whole class altogether as well as small things or situations.          3. COUNSELLOR: very important in the present time, students are sensitive, and a teacher in the class is the first one to observe/identify the problem and counsel.           4. MOTIVATOR – A teacher acts as a motivator to achieve the objectives set by the curriculum.  5.      GUIDE – A teacher guides the students regarding examinations, future prospects, and future vocations.  6.      EVALUATOR/ASSESSOR: comprehensive assessment, evaluation of not only bookish knowledge but also other aspects of the learners  7.      LEADER – A leader always acts democratically, unlike a boss of an office/organization.  8.  EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATOR – A teacher must be an effective communicator with the students as well as the administration. He or she acts as a mediator. Miscommunication often creates confusion and misunderstandings.  9. CREATOR OF POSITIVE LEARNING ATMOSPHERE – Teaching is effective only when the teacher has a positive attitude towards his or her students. There should also be a democratic atmosphere.  10.  CREATIVITY – A teacher should also be a creative person. Different methods should be used and as per the context, one has to blend the methods and recreate the available resources. If a teacher is creative, he or she will be able to appreciate the students' creativity too.  11.  ORGANISER – It brings discipline and avoids chaos. It is a systematic approach and leads to logical, rational, and scientific thinking. For example, showing a film, demonstrating or arranging things for a class.  12.  ROLE MODEL – Teaching by example. It inspires discipline from within and leads to the formation of a disciplinarian.  13.  EFFICIENT USER OF TECHNOLOGY – This concept is used in the NCF. A teacher should be able to use Information and Communication Technology (ICT) effectively. A teacher should be technologically sound.

Education for Generation, Conservation, and Transmission of Knowledge

 

The process of knowledge generation has already been discussed. Now the question is what should be the role of education in knowledge generation? Education is for gaining knowledge and learning something new through dialogue, and discussion by using different mediums, books, magazines, journals, encyclopaedia internet etc. We can also learn through our experience or by listening to the experience of others. But sometimes that is not enough to gain new knowledge. Hence education can play a significant role here. Education should not only help the learner with new knowledge but also help to learn how to create or generate new knowledge. This is possible through research. The training for finding the truth and new knowledge can be started at an early age. The different approaches like discovery problem solving, the enquiry process, and projects used in the teaching-learning process are helpful for that. They help to understand the systematic process of finding and reaching knowledge. Hence pave the way for understanding the basic requirement of research and generating knowledge. The knowledge that is generated needs to be conserved. If we are not able to do that then what is the benefit of generating it? The conservation of knowledge can be done in various ways- through books, journals, encyclopaedia, audio, video, internet, social media etc. That means the knowledge which is generated should be stored in any form. Transmission of knowledge - how society can proceed in the path of development if the knowledge that has been generated and conserved is not transmitted to the next generation? The understanding of the knowledge provides us with the base for creating new knowledge. This would not have been possible if the knowledge was not transmitted. The conservation and transmission of existing knowledge help us to generate new knowledge. That is the reason why our civilization has progressed from the stone age to the Age of artificial intelligence.